Array as a Function Return Type and Method Parameter

Arrays in Delphi allow us to refer to a series of variables by the same name and to use a number (an index) to tell them apart. Heres an example integer array that can hold up to 7 (integer) values. Note: this is a fixed-size static Delphi array declaration. Arrays as Function Return Types In Delphi, functions are routines that return a value. When you want a function to return an array type variable, you might be tempted to use the next declaration: When you try to compile this code, youll get the next compile-time error: [Pascal Error] E2029 Identifier expected but ARRAY found. Obviously, when you declare functions that will return array value, you cannot include index type specifiers return declaration. In order to allow a function to return an array value, you first need to create a custom array type, then use it as a return function type: Arrays as Method/Routine Properties Similar to using arrays as function return types, when you declare routines that take array parameters, you cannot include index type specifiers in the parameter declarations.

Failure in the Indian Judiciary System for Violence...

Within a span of three generations, criminals have targeted more than 50 million women from its population. Crime against women has increased in India because of the failure of the Indian judiciary system to get justice for the victims. Why is violence against women so prolific in India? Although the womens organizations in India have opposed individual acts of violence against women ranging from female infanticide, rape, dowry deaths, honor killings, acid attacks to female infanticides, there has been little attention given to the theoretical understanding of the causes of this violence. Between 2001 and 2011 the number of incidents has increased tremendously. The disinclination of policemen to register complaints makes it difficult†¦show more content†¦The legal system also does not understand that easy availability of Sulfuric acid anywhere in India increases the rate of Acid attacks. Because of the pathetic behavior of some policemen, the countries reputation gets spoilt. Tourists start to decrease. The economic dependence of a family acts as a barrier to report any kind of sexual or violence abuse. This specially affects the poor people as they tend to hide the tragedy in order to prevent any financial trouble. They are pressurized and left to feel unimportant in the society. Turns out that since the criminals haven’t even been caught. This affects the women as they feel unsafe. Women don’t get justice and knowing that the culprit is still out there haunts them making them never get past the incident and get on with their lives. In India, the hiring of more women police officers could be of help as maybe they could feel more comfortable in having a girl talk. A 23-year old woman in Delhi, who was doing her medical studies, was brutally gang raped on 16th December 2012 and later died. That was the biggest blow Indians had ever got and they took a stand on it. Protests, riots were held to get justice for that young woman who was working hard as a student so she could support her dad who worked in a shop. That incident triggered outrage and arguments over women’s safety all over India. On 10th September 2013 the 3 men were sentenced to death. It took almost a whole year for the Indian Judiciary system to getShow MoreRelatedDebate Around Mobilization Of Queer Communities2372 Words   |  10 PagesCourt to reconsider, which triggered a significant intervention in the case by various LGBT, Women’s and Human Rights activists against Section 377. Later, in the historic judgement delivered on July 2009 Delhi High Court decriminalized consensual homosexual activities between adults and thus declaring that Section 377 do violate Artic le 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. But the judgement was challenged in Supreme Court by a batch of appeals and consequently on December 2013 the SupremeRead MoreViolence Against Women-an Issue of Human Rights2605 Words   |  11 PagesPAPER ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN-AN ISSUE OF HUMAN RIGHTS By Ms Shabana Kesar Asst. Professor Department of Women Education Maulana Azad National Urdu University Mailing address : Department of women education, MANUU, Gachchibowli, Hyderabad, 500032. E-mail ID: - sabasuri@gmail.com Paper- Violence against women[VAW]-An issue of Human Rights Synopsis:- ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ issue of human rights ïÆ'Ëœ VAW a health social issue ïÆ'Ëœ Dimensions causes of violence ïÆ'Ëœ VAW a global Indian scenario ïÆ'Ëœ FailureRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse in India2018 Words   |  9 Pages SUB-THEME-VIOLENCE AGAINST GIRL CHILD TITLE- CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL ISSUES ISHA KANSAL STUDENT OF B.A.LL.B. 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Empowered women contribute to the health and productivity of whole families and communitiesRead MoreEssay on Women Empowerment5257 Words   |  22 Pagesin/sites/upload_files/dit/files/SocialMediaFrameworkDraftforPublicConsultation_192011.pdf Essay on Women Empowerment Meetika Srivastava affiliation not provided to SSRN October 4, 2009 Abstract:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gender equality is, first and foremost, a human right. A woman is entitled to live in dignity and in freedom from want and from fear. Empowering women is also an indispensable tool for advancing development and reducing poverty. Empowered women contribute to the health and productivity of whole families and communitiesRead MoreNative American Cultural Assimilation Essay3830 Words   |  16 Pagesnumbers in terms of population and tribal groups dwindled, they persisted and continued to be a problem in the eyes of the federal government. In the latter part of the nineteenth century the United States government instituted a new way to wage war against the Native Americans. This involved assimilating their children through government-run boarding and day schools. Federal policy-makers were sure that by giving the Native American children an American-style education, they would eventually evolveRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Legal Regime For The Better Future Of Children Essay6622 Word s   |  27 Pagesand successful giving children a better and safer future. In our research paper we will analyze the nature, types of crimes against children and do the comparative studies of national and international efforts regarding the protection of children against from the crime committed against them. To make the study richer we will go through the need, relevance, reason of failure, vis-a-vis pros and cons of Protection of Children from Sexual Offence Act, 2012. To conduct this research we will adopt, theRead MoreInternal Threats to Pakistan10157 Words   |  41 Pagesinternal fabric of the society is badly damaged and the nation seems to be divided on almost every issue. On one hand the economical disparities are inculcating a deep sense of deprivation amongst a major segment of the society and on the other the judiciary is yet not ready to demonstrate the character, which is expected from them, thus leaving an insecure feeling amongst the masses. On the political front also things are not very encouraging. The dawn of democracy has been accompanied by same customaryRead MoreCritically Examine the Extent of Which the Rule of Law2503 Words   |  11 Pagesconflicts and peace making in the Government of National Unity (GNU) The term Rule of Law (ROL) has been defined differently by different scholars hence the varying interpretations and interpretations and implementation by different governments. 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Land for Human Needs or Endangered Animals Free Essays

Some people may own the idea that since animal is inferior to human beings, human has the rights to deprive lands which the animals living in. I can not confute that human needs lands eagerly, however, we still have the responsibility to call back the endangered animals. Species evolved slowly with thousands of hundreds of centuries of development. We will write a custom essay sample on Land for Human Needs or Endangered Animals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Certain species has certain type of living. As a result, hardly can it be alive when we suddenly changed its living pace. Certainly we know it, whereas, we are still changing their living place by cutting down trees, polluting the water, and using land which originally belongs to theirs to build metropolitans for us to stay. Now that human can be aware of the danger the animals are facing, we should protect the habitats of endangered animals. Another important reason to protect endangered animals is that they keep the ecological balance of the very area which might be harmed by their extinction. For instance, if people destroy the forests the birds are living in and use it for growing crops, the number of pests will increase sharply, resulting from the decrease of birds. The result is, not only did birds lose their homes, human have also be harmed. Thus, to prevent this kind of tragedy happen, why not try to cut down the demand of land? Maybe you just did a tiny thing, but you made a big progress. Moreover, I think it is cruel to show the specimen of a panda to our descendants, or point to a sample in a museum and tell them this is the Siberian tiger. We are able to see the real one while they cannot, and the cause of this inequality is owing to the destruction of land. What a shame! Therefore, I cannot agree with the idea that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. How to cite Land for Human Needs or Endangered Animals, Essay examples

Classical and Contemporary Theories of Management - Sample

Question: Discuss about theClassical and Contemporary Theories of Management. Answer: Introduction Management refers to the act of creating a corporate policy and controlling, organizing, planning, and coordinating the organizations resources so as to accomplish its short and long-term objectives. For every organization to succeed, it needs to have a strong team of management to assume the supervisory roles. At the same time, it should have resources like employees who require being properly managed (Frederickson Ghere 2013). This justifies why each organization applies appropriate management strategies and models that suit it. For a very long time, management theories have enabled the organizations to make important decisions. However, this has been subjected to changes in response to the dynamics of the society. This paper presets an analysis of the changes in the application of managerial theories. It discusses the use of classical and contemporary theories of management in the modern society. Reasons for the Little Change As much as it can be said that the 1960s CEO will hardly notice much changes in the modern day management, it is true that little change will be felt. This will be due to the application of the following new theories of management: Contingency Theory According to this theory, managers are free to make decisions based on the prevailing conditions. Meaning, a leader or manager is not always compelled to apply a specific strategy to address an issue. Instead the manager should be guided by the circumstances at hand. This theory advocates for the flexibility in decision making. A manager who makes decisions depending on the challenges faced is regarded as responsive dynamic. It is encouraged to consider the situation before making a conclusion since each circumstance is different has its own uniqueness (Pike 2013). So, if a leader becomes flexible, a leader can be able to come up with decisions aimed at enabling the organization to tackle all its challenges no matter how difficult they might be. There are many reasons why this theory is applied by the modern day managers. First, the theory is flexible and can give managers an opportunity to scan the organization, know about the nature and magnitude of the problem before coming up with a reasonable solution. At the same time, the theory can make it quite easier for the managers to consult and use theory critical thoughts to make a decision that will be relied on to turn the course of the organization. This justifies why it has been accepted as part of the contemporary management system. All these were not done in the past because the challenges faced were different from todays (Tweedie Holley 2016). The changes in the organizations have to be reflected in management strategies that suit the current society. Contingency is one of the contemporary theories that were not in use in the past. It can shock the CEO because he will realize that the modern day managers are more flexible than they used to be in the past. During the 1960s and before, managers could not just wait for situations to make their decisions. Instead, classical theories and models of management were always followed in the organization. Managers were therefore not expected to be so dynamic. No one would sit down and study the problem to make a decision in response to its uniqueness (Frederickson Ghere 2013). Whenever there was a need to make some decisions, the managers would have to apply the rules, strategies and models that were accepted at the time. This is a change that the CEO will notice with ease because he never did the same during his time. The CEO will learn that there are different kinds of contingencies upon which managerial decisions are made. These are technology, consumers, suppliers, government, competitors, trade unions, the public and other interest groups. So, by considering these varying contexts, the management gets to balance internal interest with that of the stakeholders who need to be catered for in any decision made. Contingency becomes a significant theory to be applied in meeting the goal because it can enable the management to acknowledge that there is no one best strategy to adopt to suit all the changing contexts (Shih, Young Bucher 2013). If each of these situations is treated as it is, the management can always make its decisions without unnecessarily inconveniencing the system, a practice that was not popular in the 1960s. Systems Theory One of the theories that the 1960 CEO will get to learn about is the systems theory. According to this model of management, the organization should be perceived as a sophisticated system with inputs, outputs and processes. For optimal results, each of these elements should be properly coordinated. For a proper management, the inputs which basically include human resources, technologies, capital and raw materials should be treated as an important aspect of the organization. The input can be of great contribution if a good process is put in place (Getz Page 2016). Meaning, there needs to be activities like planning, coordinating, organizing, staffing, controlling and motivating should be done as it ought to be. At the same time, the management needs to ensure that the output that entails quality production is guaranteed. This is the only way through which the clients diverse needs can be met. The application of this theory will be a shocker for the CEO because of the significance it puts on the organization as an entire system. In the past, managers did not need to treat the organization as such (Tweedie Holley 2016). However, with the application of this theory, the management has to treat the organization as one whole system whose success depends on a proper manner in which the inputs, outputs, and processes are managed. It is for this reason that the modern day managers are focused on the inputs, an activity done to satisfy the inputs. Having recognized the significant contributions of the employees, the modern managers have resorted to motivation strategies to suit each of them. Meanwhile, to properly utilize resources, the managers make important decisions to plan, organize and coordinate all the activities so as to expend the available resources without any wastage. Furthermore, to complete the system, the management has to be concerned about its clientele (Miner 2015). As the buyers of the products, the clients needs must be satisfied at all times. Hence, the management makes important decisions to deliver quality produce, make it accessible to all the customers and make the necessary efforts to seek for their feedback whenever necessary. Actually, the systems theory has revolutionized management because it has introduced new practices that were not done in the 1960s. Therefore, by encountering this theory, the CEO will contend with the changes in the contemporary managerial system and get to experience what ha d never practiced during his time. Why the CEO will Notice Little Change When the CEO who served in the 1960s gets an opportunity to interact with the contemporary managers, he will notice many changes. This is due to the fact that there are new practices that have been introduced into the management of organizations. At the same time, the CEO will get to realize that certain practices have not changed since the modern managers have upheld certain aspects of classical management. Some of the classical theories still in use today are discussed herein: Bureaucratic Theory of Management When the CEO gets to interact with the current managers, he will realize that the concepts of organizational hierarchy, specialization, and strong lines of authority have not changed. This simply implies that the modern managers, just like their past counterparts, still apply the principles of the theory of bureaucracy. As clearly outlined by Marx Weber, bureaucracy is one of the significant aspects of organization. In order to improve efficiency in production, the organization needs to be structured into hierarchies (Adler 2012). In the hierarchy, there should be different levels of management made up of top managers, middle managers, junior managers and the subordinates. Besides, the organization should be sub-divided into departments each of which having its own respective heads. At the same time, the organization should instill the spirit of specialization by encouraging each employee to concentrate in their respective areas of interest. Upon a thorough analysis of the situation, the CEO will realize that these aspects of bureaucracy have not changed. Just like in the 1960s, modern day organizations are structured into hierarchies. At the very top of the structure is the Board of Directors, followed by the executive management, junior management and the support staff. Each of these areas is handled by specialists whose promotion is based on experience and qualification (Chen Wang 2014). Meanwhile, the organization is segmented into different departments such as Human Resource Management, production, sales, marketing, and many others depending on the nature of the organization. For quality service delivery, each of these departments has a distinct boundary upon which they operate. All these still remain the same way they used to be done before the 1960s when the CEO was still active. Motivation Theories of Management There are different theories that have been applied in the management of employees. Some of the most prominent theories of motivation are Abraham Maslows Need Theory and Douglas McGregors theory X and Y. According to Abraham Maslow, human beings have needs that are arranged in a pyramid right from the most basic to the most luxurious. These include physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self actualization. Everyone should satisfy these needs beginning with the most basic up to the most luxurious (Jerome 2013). On the other hand, theory X and Y states that human motivation is determined by incentives (motivators) and demotivators. These theories played a very significant role in the management of human resources. At all times, the managers had to properly apply these theories to boost the morale of the workers. Indeed, the CEO realized that there are many aspects f employee management that have not changed up to the present times. Just like in the past, contemporary manages acknowledge that employees are the most valuable assets for an organization. Without workers, no objective can be accomplished because it is through their efforts that the tasks are performed. It is for this reason that the management takes all the necessary measures to identify the employees needs and satisfy them appropriately (Kim, Lee, Chun Benbasat 2014). Since these theories are still in use, the contemporary managers apply the principles of rewards, punishment, democracy, incentives, strict supervision. There is no organization that does not, in one way or the other, motivate its employees. Otherwise, it can experience a high rate of turnover that can negatively impact on its productivity and prosperity. These aspects of motivation are still applicable n the modern society because they have a lot of benefits. First, the strategies are necessary for helping the employees to feel recognized, respected and appreciated because of the imminent contributions they make to the organization. In addition, motivation is good because it can enable the organization to enhance the productivity of employees and minimize the chances of turnover (Getz Page 2016). This can, in the long run, enable the organization to meet its short and long-term goals. Such benefits have made motivation theories to remain in use right from the classical to the present times. It is why the CEO thought that nothing much has changed since he retired from his managerial position many decades ago. Conclusion The experiences of the CEO clearly prove that change is an inevitable reality in the society. The fact that the CEO noticed changes in the organization shows that management strategies and models have been changing over the years. This is why the CEO observed that modern organizations make decisions based on the context and systems, thanks to the application of the contingency and systems theories of management. Nevertheless, the practice of specialization, departmentalization, democratization of decision-making, and employee motivation shows that the classical motivation and bureaucracy theories are still applied in management. Thus, the CEO noticed little change. References Adler, P.S., 2012, Perspectivethe sociological ambivalence of bureaucracy: from Weber via Gouldner to Marx. Organization Science, 23(1), pp.244-266. Chen, R. Wang, H.M., 2014, Research on organization structure and operation efficiency of extreme floods emergency management under bureaucracy-cooperation system: Taking Huaihe River Basin as a case. In 2014 International Conference on Management Science Engineering 21th Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 2095-2101). IEEE. Frederickson, H.G. Ghere, R.K., 2013, Ethics in public management, ME Sharpe: New York. Getz, D. Page, S.J., 2016, Event studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events, Routledge: London. Jerome, N., 2013, Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(3), pp.39-45. Kim, T.H., Lee, J.N., Chun, J.U. Benbasat, I., 2014, Understanding the effect of knowledge management strategies on knowledge management performance: A contingency perspective. Information management, 51(4), pp.398-416. Miner, J.B., 2015, Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership, Routledge: London. Pike, S.D., 2013, Destination Marketing and ManagementTheories and Applications. Tourism Management, 34, pp.247-248. Shih, M., Young, M.J. Bucher, A., 2013, Working to reduce the effects of discrimination: Identity management strategies in organizations. American Psychologist, 68(3), p.145. Tweedie, D. Holley, S., 2016, The subversive craft worker: Challenging disutilitytheories of management control. Human Relations, p.0018726716628971.

Cloud Computing Essays - Cloud Computing, Computing,

Cloud Computing Student Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course: Date: Question 1 Organizations are increasingly contemplating adopting cloud computing to save on expenses as well as improve efficiency. Nevertheless, despite the fact that there are numerous benefits of cloud computing, information technology departments must realize that they do not have maximum control of cloud resources thus should consider a few things first. First, IT departments should consider the security of private information. Several regulations exist that disallow keeping of private information on the either SaaS , PaaS or IaaS . The prospect of private data being uploaded on the cloud should be a basis of concern. The other item is the implications of such services to the organization, such that it should be aligned with organizations business goals which can be measured or articulated. In tandem with any business decision adoption of either SaaS , IaaS , PaaS needs to be in line with organizational objectives. While information technology departments facing pressure to adopt cloud computing services, keen and independent analysis of any vital considerations shall lead to business based informed decisions. The last item is maintenance costs such that IT departments should not just look at initial migration costs as in the end maintenance costs might prove too expensive thus inconveniencing the organization. Question 2 Migrating to either of cloud services creates some savings and alters thinking with regard to costs and offers benefits on the aspect of scalability. IaaS , PaaS and Saas provides a range of savings derived from aspects that the organization does not have to do like constructing new data centers as well as innovating using the ability that you can turn on or off as needed. These cloud services bring about new variables of cost which are not ideally part of the conventional total cost of ownership calculations. In the cloud, resources of computing are offered as utilities such as electricity as some other entity invest in constructing the resource and charges you only for what you use . Within dedicated server hosting for instance, all computing assets must be bought directly . In cloud computing therefore, an organization purchases less infrastructure that are only necessary for its operations while the other services are provided by the cloud servi ce provider reducing ownership costs. In the cloud there is no wastage of resources where some are under-utilized since you only pay for what you utilize giving a return on investment ( Skilton , 2010) . Furthermore, there is also an improved service quality on the cloud as opposed to normal server environments . Question 3 S oftware as a service architectural diagram Platform as a service architectural diagram Infrastructure as a service architectural diagram Question 4 In most cases cloud service providers have their own administration and support personnel, hence if an organization adopts such a strategy it implies that some support staff shall have to lose their jobs or be transferred to other areas ( Gupta, 2013) . Since much of the support task shall be delegated to the service provider it will essentially mean that the demand for support personnel staff will be low. Question 5 The management should be aware of issues of privacy and security, with regard to what data to migrate to the cloud and what rights they would have on such data once posted to the cloud, in some cases data might be so confidential that uploading to the cloud in itself alone would be a compromise to its security. There is also the consideration of compliance with regard to how such migration would affect the organizations existing regulations and finally, the management should be aware of the long term and short term costs as opposed to just rushing to a solution which would later prove unsustainable for the organization. Question 6 There several security issues with regard to such a strategy the biggest of them all being data breaches, cloud environments have now become a high target for cyber-criminals and hackers due to the amount of information held on the clouds ( Tripathi , 2011) . There is also the risk of data leakage whereby data might get into wrongs hands during transfer, audits or processing and finally, manipulation of customer

While vs. Whilst

While vs. Whilst While vs. Whilst While vs. Whilst By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: what is the difference between while and whilst? Both while and whilst have been in the language for a very long time. While was in use in Old English; whilst is a Middle English development of while. As conjunctions they are interchangeable in meaning, but whilst has not survived in standard American English. I waited whilst Mugabe delivered what he thought were his pearls of wisdom I waited while breakfast was finished. To the American ear whilst sounds quaint. Some British and Canadian speakers think it sounds literary or old-fashioned, but many British speakers prefer it to while. Here are some quotations from newspapers: Why do flies gather inside a room, whilst bees and butterflies somehow avoid the open door or window? Jill Shimwell, Bebington(www.theguardian.com) has become the first major casualty of England’s World Cup campaign after dislocating his right shoulder while running near the team’s base on the Gulf of Finland. The England manager suffered the injury while jogging (www.theguardian.com) sheriff’s deputies in Kansas who were shot while transporting inmates from a jail to a court hearing on Friday died of their injuries, the police in Kansas City, (www.nytimes.com) agency that takes custody of children separated from their parents, have said that the children will not be reunited while their parents remain in custody. But reunification demands will increase as more parents are released from (www.latimes.com) See Among vs Amongst Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementWhen Is a Question Not a Question?

WHO CAN HELP THE CEO Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WHO CAN HELP THE CEO - Case Study Example Amory suggested that Eliot be set up with an executive coach. Eliot did not agree with the advice and regretted having called Amory. When Eliot became CEO of TrakVue he made some optimistic sales projections which came back to bite him. The board saw Eliot as being behind in his results due to the foolish projections he made two years earlier. Eliot also consulted his problems at the company with another friend, Bob Gellingham, who worked in public relations. He suggested that Eliot should land one or two big accounts to change attention away from the problems. The executive coach that Amory set up for him told Eliot he was in denial about the business problems. Another coach told him to seek advice. Eliot thought that it was the coachs job to give that advice. The coach also told him that he rarely seeks input from anyone: subordinates, peers outside the company, or customers. Eliot resented the advice because he sought the coach was uninformed about the dynamics of his business. He was worried that the board might fire him in their next meeting since he had lost two sales VP during his tenure as CEO. The article ended by offering three different views from commentators. Jerry Rao who was a CEO himself suggested that keeping the problems within is not the right rout. When he faced similar problems to Eliot he looked for the advice from the board of directors. He also said that colleagues may have agendas that lead to detrimental advice, thus it was a smart idea to use coaches or consultants. He said that assistants often can provide good insight. The second commentator, Susan Ashford, questioned Eliots leadership and that he did not admit his weaknesses. She said that Eliot avoided seeking advice from his colleagues. The last commentator, Stephen Socolof, said Eliot has to reassure the board about his capacity to run the company. He said Eliot should ask for help from mentors and other experienced people. The article showed the

Assignment 1-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assignment 1-3 - Essay Example And, if the cause is the significant turnover in the restaurant’s waiter or waitress pool, which is known to have taken place, then why is the turnover so high and what can be done about it? Thus, a research will help to better understand the problem with a view to resolving it. Customer satisfaction is a very important issue for most businesses. It is central to business success. So all possible means must be used to ensure that customers are satisfied. Our objective then is to first enhance our understanding of the problem, and we accomplish this by knowing more about it in detail through research using a systematic procedure. The issue is friendliness of the atmosphere, so we must devise a means of measuring this besides identifying the cause(s) of the decline. One possibility for obtaining this customer satisfaction measure would be to arrange a customer feedback mechanism involving a rating scale for friendliness and survey questions to encourage customers to disclose and pinpoint their reasons or what would help them to feel the atmosphere is friendly after experiencing a service at the restaurant. Secondly, the high staff turnover suggests there is an issue of demotivation or unhappiness with the working conditions. Hence, not only should a survey be conducted for the restaurant’s customers but also the waiter/waitresses must be interviewed to get insight into their thoughts, feelings and attitudes. In-depth interviews are advisable because there will be a small number of them and the deeper insight will be more valuable for addressing the root of the problem. This kind of research will be a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods i.e. it will be a mixed research study. The open questions on the customer survey and the staff interviews will be qualitative whereas the friendliness ratings and closed survey questions will be quantitative

Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Analysis - Essay Example The report is concluded with suitable conclusion about the strategic planning process in ExecHealth and recommendations given to ensure that ExecHealth can become successful in the proper incorporation of the strategic planning in the business. Strategic planning involves identifying a varying range of organization processes that should be implemented in the organization to set the direction for the organization and take decisions according to these future plans. The strategic planning process provides a map for the organization referring to how the organization can achieve its goals and objectives in its functioning in the future. The strategic planning process involves deciding the future direction of the business, development of proper organizational strategies for the business, making decisions related to these strategies and implementing these strategies and decisions in the working of the organization at all levels. The development and implementation of strategic planning is critical in the healthcare industry, especially in the evolving global economic perspective. Implementation of the strategic plan is the most critical and complex part involved in the strategic planning process. ExecHealth should focus extensively on different aspects of implementation of the strategic plan as devised by the club. Proper corporate planning would be much necessary for the successful implementation of the strategic plan (The Pennsylvania State University 2004: 4). The corporate planning process of ExecHealth should consider all the different factors like Human Resources of the organization, resources and capabilities of the organization, needs and demands of the corporate clients, the existing competition level in the market, The company should endure that it has a far sighted vision related to the implementation of the strategic plan and it does not lose sight of the ultimate

The Fears Of Crime And The Outcomes Criminology Essay

The Fears Of Crime And The Outcomes Criminology Essay The outcomes of the fear of crime were for very long time overlooked by criminologists and psychologists and only in last 25 years fear has become a important research topic (McGarrell et al 1997). Recently, more attention has been put on this matter which is now recognised as a growing phenomenon which significantly influences the quality of life. Some may argue that the fear of crime is a consequence of individual having contact whether directly or indirectly with criminal events (Sparks, 1992). Saying that, it is important to remember that the indirect contact with crime may occur through the media representation or interpersonal communication and have a damaging effect on individuals quality of life. Worrying fact is that many researchers such as Hindelang (1974), Fowler and colleagues (1974) or Boggs (1971) have established that the relationship between the levels of fear of crime and experience of it are two different things. This means that although, the number of reported cri mes continues to drop and according to statistics, the chance of becoming the victim of crime is the lowest it has been for last twenty years (Home Office, 2009), society is increasingly becoming more anxious about safety (Home Office, 2006). Therefore, from this observation it can be speculated that the fear of crime is the problem itself, not the crime. So, this essay will firstly introduce to overview of the crime and the fear of it, including statistics and the lack of accordance between what has been found about the crime levels and the fear of crime. Secondly it will engage with theoretical assumptions related to the topic and critically evaluate theoretical assumptions. Thirdly, this paper will demonstrate the influence of the mass media on the increase of the fear of crime. And finally, it will draw the relevant conclusion based on proposed arguments and clarify that the fear of crime is a problem in its own right. To begin with it is relevant to familiarise with statistics of the actual levels crime, the fear of it and demographic groups. According to the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) the relationship between these three aspects is rather not proportional. As found by Skogan (1976), the fear of crime is more common within the demographic groups which were least frequently victimised such as women or elderly. He found that although, the most incidents of victimisation were reported by young, Black male this group is least fearful of becoming a victim of crime. Instead, older females, both Black and White have been accounted to be most fearful of crime (Skogan, 1976). Many researches challenged this inconsistency and for instance, Stinchcombe and colleagues (1977) introduced the idea of vulnerability in order to explain the higher levels of fear in the elderly and women. Briderman (1976) however, made the connection between the primary fear of crime and strangers and came up with the hypothesis that fear of crime is the fear of strangers. However, this theory can not be confirmed in practice. Although women are being told from the young age to be conscious of strangers, they are actually more likely to become a victim of an intimate partner, friend or another relative than by a stranger and according to study by Rennison (2001) fifty four percent of violent assaults reported by women are carried out by someone known to the victim. Although, there is a noticeable progress within the victimization perspective which has occurred in recent years in order to distinguish difference between the fear, worry, risk and concern the results did not change drastically (Sparks, 1992). Analysing the more recent statistics it can be noticed that this kind of demographical segregation of fear is still prevalent (Home Office, 2006). In general, according to the findings from the British Crime Survey in 2008/09 it has been found that 16 percent of people, who were asked, thought that they were very likely to become a victim of crime; however it has been found that only 2 percent were actually a risk (Home Office, 2006). Moreover, the segregation of crime, such as personal/property, single/multiple or direct/indirect was designed to improve the understanding why some demographic groups are more fearful of becoming a victim, however in fact did not have much effect in practice. The following part of this paper will link the issue of the fear of crime to the broader theoretical assumption and introduce to different models of victimisation. The earliest research on the fear of crime was based on the victimisation model which linked the fear of crime to experience of it (Snell, 2001). Although Skogan and Maxfield (1981) documented that association, others found that such as connection does not exist or the impact of victimisation on the level of fear is minimal (Liska et al, 1988). Furthermore, this model was repeatedly questioned as those who are at the highest risk of victimisation are least fearful and those who are at the lowest risk are the most concerned about becoming a victim (Skogan, 1976). Therefore the Indirect Victimisation Model was developed. This theory assumes that people who recognize themselves as the most defenceless and vulnerable to crime, such as elderly or women, will have the highest levels of fear (Snell, 2001). The Community Concern Model, firstly recognised by Taylor and Hale (1986) assumes that the level of the fear increases within the communities which report their neighbourhood as less satisfying due to the loss of the social control over them. There is a lack of attachment between the neighbours what increases the fear of victimisation within own neighbourhood (Snell, 2001). However, it can be argued that by introduction of CCTV or the Neighbourhood Watch and therefore increase of the social control could cause even higher concern of criminal activities in the area and therefore, higher fear of crime. The Subcultural Diversity Model theorises that the fear of crime increase if living close to someone whose has got a different cultural background (Snell, 2001). The study suggests that foreign behaviour due to the cultural beliefs may become difficult to understand and therefore fearful (Merry, 1981). Secondly, it is important to acknowledge the power of media representation, or rather we should say, misrepresentation, which increase the level of the fear of crime. According to the study by Surette (1998) who measured the impact which media representation has got on the fear of crime, it has been found that readers of those newspapers which tend to report crime in dramatised and excessive way are more fearful of crime. The concept of the moral panic feed by the mass media was firstly acknowledge by Cohen(1987) who described it in the term of amplification of the perception of disorder between the Mods and Rockers. The relationship is that similarly, the tabloid press is responsible for the misrepresentation of the actual level of crime by focusing on selective crime news which win the audience and therefore sell the newspaper. He also believed that by the increase of misrepresentation by the media can increase the level of reporting crime and therefore pressure the police to incre ase arrests (Cohen, 1987). Therefore, it needs to be recognised that through the exaggeration and overrepresentation, media can stir up public indignation and create the social problem and moral panic in society. Even more worrying is the fact that although the media covers only those erratic stories not sensible ones, the majority of people, when asked about the actual level of crime; attribute their knowledge to TV and newspaper gossip (Williams and Dickinson, 1993). This use of the limited information gained from the unreliable sources such as media is also called symbolic interactionism (Ferraro, 1995). However, as it has been noticed by Yin (1980), media representation of crime has got the most influence on the elderly people especially if the victim of the story was also an elderly person. Therefore, that is another example of the fear being greater that the actual level of crime as older people are least likely from all demographical groups to experience the victimization (Lee, 1982). That may be attributed to the fact that elderly are not to be seen on the busy street on Friday night as most of young people, therefore they less likely to become victimise. Lawton (1981) suggested that vulnerability of elderly may become the foundation of the fear of crime. He also researched that during the criminal activity such as robbery of physical attack, elderly are more likely to experience serious physical injuries which in effect may lead to helplessness and dependency which they may fear more than the crime itself. Consequently, that can have an effect on the quality of life of elderly. It has been speculated that if the incident of attack on older person took place outside his/her home that may lead to this person fearing to stay out the house for any reasons. The same can be hypothesised about the burglary. If elderly persons house was robbed while they were not there, they may not want to leave the house again as they feel they should stay in and protect they belongings in case of another robbery. Therefore, it shows the loose of control, freedom and quality over their lives and some may say isolation from society. The study by Hough (1995) is a great example of life deprivation due to the fear of crime as he found that among women age 60 who live in the city more than one in ten never went out after dark. The media representation of crime is also accountable for the formation of social exclusion which is mainly concerned with inequalities between different groups of people and different areas. It has been argued by Young (1988) crime itself is an exclusion: as are the attempt to control it by barriers, incarceration and stigmatization (p. 26). It has been found that the fear of crime whether on the street or at home is higher among poor population than privileged (Home Office, 2009). That may be due to the fact of allocation, as residents of housing estates are more likely to witness the violence on the street or antisocial behaviour in their local area in comparison to privileged population. Crime is seen both as a product of social exclusion and a cause of it, where social exclusion is seen as a series of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, hight crime environments, bad health and family breakedown. (Pantazis et al 2006, p.275) Furthermore, it is fundamental to acknowledge the current concern about terrorism which by the attack on the innocent, civilian people made the society realise that we are all potential victims. However, in this case it is the government and the military officials who with the facilities of mass media deliver information, or rather we should say, fear to society (Balkin, 1979). Some may argue that crime is politically popular as it sets out new moral targets for the government which can use it as a tool during the campaigns. However, in fact it is another example of creation of the moral panic which separates differences between nationalities and therefore limits social mixing between them and increases fear, paranoia and the mistrust between different groups (Cohen, 1987). Meads (1934) has argued that there is an existence of the generalises other in society which recognises us as good and them as bad. Therefore there is a tendency to exclude them for our security due to the fear of crime from them and that is an evident example of social exclusion. Summarising, the primary purpose of this essay was to indicate that the fear of crime is a problem itself not the actual level of crime. It has been demonstrated that although the level of crime is falling down and is at the lowest point for last twenty years, public fear of victimisation is growing up. Statistics from the British Crime Survey (BCS) and Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) have been used in order to demonstrate that paradoxical phenomenon. In order to validate the statement that the fear of crime is a problem in its own right and to help with understanding why some groups are more fearful of crime than others, the theoretical models have been included. These, demonstrated that some populations due to the physical inability to defend themselves also called vurnability (women, elderly) or social and economic position may fear the crime grater than others (man, privileged). Moreover, this essay has critically evaluated the media misrepresentation of the act ual crime level and how that falsification can shape the moral panic and social exclusion in society. It has been also acknowledged that the concern about terrorism acts, which are often used by politicians during campaigns, is responsible for increasing the level of the fear of crime is society. Overall, it has been learnt that the fear of victimisation is greater than the actual level of crime therefore the fear of crime is a problem in its own right because it affects peoples lives and controls their everyday actions. It is suggested for the society to not relay on the media representation and discontinue thinking about being victimised since as the real statistics show it is not very likely to become a victim of crime. However, it is important to remember that the fear of crime may also not always be a negative thing as it may encourage assertiveness and prompt the implementation of preventative measures.

Anesthesiology Essay -- essays research papers

The work of an anesthesiologist is fulfilling with many benefits. A person would desire to become an anesthesiologist because there is a high standard of excellence due to a low percentage of doctors in this special field, not to mention the high salary. This occupation benefits the doctor through a feeling of personal gratification while receiving a great education. The community benefits through his or her help relieving the pain accompanied by surgery. Becoming an anesthesiologist involves extensive education and training, while also having many requirements and a good salary range. Anesthesiology, the medical field dealing with anesthesia and related matters, including recovery and pain, developed as a specialized field because of the dangers of anesthesia. Anesthesia involves the use of carefully graduated doses of strong poisons to deaden pain. Gradually surgeons and physicians saw anesthesiologists as tools to broaden the surgical horizons by allowing surgeries seen as inconceivable to be performed. Anesthesiology entails the practice of medicine associated with: The management of procedures for rendering a patient insensible to pain and emotional stress during surgical, obstetrical, and certain other medical procedures. The support of life functions under the stress of anesthetic and surgical manipulations, and the clinical management of the unconscious patient, while managing problems in pain relief. Along with the management of problems in cardiac and respiratory...

Satire and Social Criticism

The Enlightenment is a period in history that was characterized by diversity of advances in philosophy, science and medicine. The main theme of the enlightenment was the belief that people of the world could actually make an effort to create a better world. In the process, the philosophers embraced different figurative tools to enlighten the people, and among these, satire stood out. Satire especially assumed the form of bitter, harsh criticism to hypocrisies, injustices and inhumane practices that characterized the society at the time. Candide by French philosopher Voltaire is a bizarrely humorous tale chronicling the adventures of a young man throughout the world, but the aspect that has made it generate so much interest is how it satirically challenges the social norms and optimism that characterized the age. First, Voltaire pokes fun at the noble family by naming the barony Thunder-ten-tronckh, a silly set of words aimed at attacking the pride the baron’s family have in their noble heritage. Voltaire is challenging natural superiority assumed by aristocrats. For example, the baron’s sister, despite being the mother of Candide, refused to marry his father merely because he had 71 noble lineages while she had 72 (Voltaire, 2008). The satire here manages to make the concern nobles had over â€Å"lesser people† look primitively absurd. Dr. Panglos (the name translates to â€Å"all-tongue†) belonged to the â€Å"metaphysico-theologo-cosmolo-nigology† school of thought. He often taught the young Candide the principles of his doctrine which upheld the belief that all things were created with a purpose, which is ultimately the best purpose (Voltaire, 2008). Voltaire uses Pangloss to parody the philosophers of the 17th century and before who debated topics of no benefit to humanity. Voltaire most likely felt that the verbal acrobatics of these thinkers were so ridiculous and critics of this tale feel that he was lampooning the philosophies of Leibniz. Leibniz believed that a pre-meditated harmony existed in the world and that the world must be the best place ever since a perfect God had created it. Voltaire, on the other hand, is an opponent of this blind optimism on account of the tragedies that afflict mankind. He uses the difficulties Candide has to endure and the Lisbon earthquake which claimed over 75 percent of the city despite a ritual which involved burning some people in a slow fire in order to prevent catastrophes like these having been conducted. The tragedies that Candide suffers in the hands of the Bulgarian army underline the cruelty and suffering that existed within armies. Noblemen started war, and it was the common men serving in the battlefields that bore the full brunt of conflicts (Voltaire, 2008). While the people are suffering, clergymen hypocritically squabble over religious doctrines and worry more about converting people into their faith instead of tackling the wars, famines and oppression which plague the society. Many satirists have developed a sense of satire that is more or less in line with the stances Voltaire adopted in his effort to reform the society. I choose to analyze the Daily Show hosted by Jon Stewart since 1999. Jon Stewart applies satire to address the social, political, and economical issues facing the American society in the present time. Among his themes are political tolerance and the extent to which current events affect the youth not only in America but also in the whole world (The Daily Show, 2007). The Daily Show has aired every Monday to Thursday since July 1996 on Comedy Central and hosts a variety of political and celebrity figures with the aim of getting their opinion on current socio-political issues affecting the American society. Watching an episode of the Daily Show, I visualized Jon Stewart wanting his audience to approach current issues with pragmatism. I watched the episode in which he hosted 2008 republican presidential candidate John McCain. McCain, as part of his presidential campaigns, had announced that he would make an appearance at Liberty institution, an institution founded by Jerry Falwell who McCain had earlier denounced as an agent of intolerance (The Daily Show, 2007). Stewart rightfully identified the hypocrisy of the appearance knowing that it was in direct opposition of the principles McCain so often preached. It was an attempt to just secure votes against the values the candidate had preached all along. Jon Stewart’s show assumes that that any political leader should stand his ground and stick to his or her beliefs with regard to the issues that affect the society (The Daily Show, 2007), failure to which he or she would be drifting into â€Å"madness†. Desperate attempts to win over public support in policy issues should be based on conviction rather than on hysteria as stirred by those seeking political office. Stewart wanted the society to see people for what they really were, as a strategy to establishing a just system, rather than the instantaneous stances they adopt when the need arises.

18th Century European Enlightenment Essays - Age Of Enlightenment

18th Century European Enlightenment Essays - Age Of Enlightenment 18th Century European Enlightenment The Enlightenment is a name given by historians to an intellectual movement that was predominant in the Western world during the 18th century. Strongly influenced by the rise of modern science and by the aftermath of the long religious conflict that followed the Reformation, the thinkers of the Enlightenment (called philosophes in France) were committed to secular views based on reason or human underezding only, which they hoped would provide a basis for beneficial changes affecting every area of life and thought. The more extreme and radical philosophesDenis Diderot, Claude Adrien Helvetius, Baron d'Holbach, the Marquis de Condorcet, and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie (1709-51)advocated a philosophical rationalism deriving its methods from science and natural philosophy that would replace religion as the means of knowing nature and destiny of humanity; these men were materialists, pantheists, or atheists. Other enlightened thinkers, such as Pierre Bayle, Voltaire, David Hume, Jean Le Rond D'alembert, and Immanuel Kant, opposed fanaticism, but were either agnostic or left room for some kind of religious faith. All of the philosophes saw themselves as continuing the work of the great 17th century pioneersFrancis Bacon, Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz, Isaac Newton, and John Lockewho had developed fruitful methods of rational and empirical inquiry and had demonstrated the possibility of a world remade by the application of knowledge for human benefit. The philosophes believed that science could reveal nature as it truly is and show how it could be controlled and manipulated. This belief provided an incentive to extend scientific methods into every field of inquiry, thus laying the groundwork for the development of the modern social sciences. The enlightened underezding of human nature was one that emphasized the right to self-expression and human fulfillment, the right to think freely and express one's views publicly without censorship or fear of repression. Voltaire admired the freedom he found in England and fostered the spread of English ideas on the Continent. He and his followers opposed the intolerance of the established Christian churches of their day, as well as the European governments that controlled and suppressed dissenting opinions. For example, the social disease which Pangloss caught from Paquette was traced to a "very learned Franciscan" and later to a Jesuit. Also, Candide reminisces that his passion for Cunegonde first developed at a Mass. More conservative enlightened thinkers, concerned primarily with efficiency and administrative order, favored the "enlightened despotism" of such monarchs as Emperor Joseph II, Frederick II of Prussia, and Catherine II of Russia. Enlightened political thought expressed demands for equality and justice and for the legal changes needed to realize these goals. Set forth by Baron de Montesquieu, the changes were more boldly urged by the contributors to the great Encyclopedie edited in Paris by Diderot between 1747 and 1772, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Cesare Beccaria, and finally by Jeremy Bentham, whose utilitarianism was the culmination of a long debate on happiness and the means of achieving it. The political writers of the Enlightenment built on and extended the rationalistic, republican, and natural-law theories that had been evolved in the previous century as the bases of law, social peace, and just order. As they did so, they also elaborated novel doctrines of popular sovereignty that the 19th century would transform into a kind of nationalism that contradicted the individualistic outlook of the philosophes. Among those who were important in this development were historians such as Voltaire, Hume, William Robertson, Edward Gibbon, and Giambattista Vico. Their work showed that although all peoples shared a common human nature, each nation and every age also had distinctive characteristics that made it unique. These paradoxes were explored by early romantics such as Johann Georg Hamman and Johann Gottfried von Herder. Everywhere the Enlightenment produced restless men impatient for change but frustrated by popular ignorance and official repression. This gave the enlightened literati an interest in popular education. They promoted educational ventures and sought in witty, amusing, and even titillating ways to educate and awaken their contemporaries. The stories of Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle or Benjamin Franklin, the widely imitated essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, and many dictionaries, handbooks, and encyclopedias produced by the enlightened were written to popularize, simplify, and promote a more reasonable view of life among

Cancer Case study essays

Cancer Case study essays Mr. L. is a 69 year-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), FAB-M1 normal cytogenetics diagnosed in May of 2001. He received chemotherapy (7+3: AraC/idarubican) at that time and achieved complete remission. He developed a relapse in the April of 2002. He deferred treatment as he was trying alternative medicines. He eventually was treated with chemotherapy (Mylotarg) again in May of 2002, but this did not result in remission and he is considered to be in refractory relapse. Mr. L. has a history of neutropenic fever, otitis media, diabetes, positive VRE in his blood, and Coronary Artery Disease. Mr. L does understand that there is no cure for his disease and that is why he has chose alternative care. He has refused a referral to UW-Madison At this time he is still trying alternative medicines, and comes into the Cancer Center for lab draws, and if needed he has blood and/or platelet transfusions. He has refused Procrit and GM-CSF, to assist in his condition. Mr. L is married and his wife is supportive of him and his choice in attempting alternative medicine. He also has many siblings who are supportive of him and 2 of them were tested for HLA compatibility to see if they would be able to help their brother and tested positive, although due to his remission it is not possible for him to have a transplant at this time. His stressors are having a disease that there is no know cure for, having chemotherapy not work, trying alternative therapies, and having to come into the Cancer Center each week to have his blood work tested (CBC Mr. L. is in Eriksons stage of generativity versus stagnation. I feel that he is in the generativity part of this stage. Generativity is where the person is able to assist the younger generat...

Court Case on Pre-Elclampsia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Court Case on Pre-Elclampsia - Research Paper Example She gets valuable advice from her doctor that the only way to save her from these contingencies is only through an induced abortion as the fetus is not fully developed to the point where it can stay in an incubator. She goes to court to seek assistance so that she may procure the abortion(Kerry, 2010). The evidence she produces holds water and the judges are adamant to allow her to do as she wishes. The jury rules in her favor and she gets the permit with the assistance of her doctor to make the abortion (British Medical Association, 2012). Pre-eclampasia is pretty grim and looking at the symptoms and the expected end result, it makes one skeptic of the decisions they need to make either in favor or in disregard for the challenges that come with the condition. I think that it is something that affects many women across the globe and some are not even aware of the dangers that beckon them as they continue leading their lives. I believe that education is key to eliminating this devastation that is about to completely change the lives of women. I also feel that there should exist channels that women talk and interact with so as to give their opinions and experiences with pre-eclampasia so that they enlighten each other on the probable ways to overcome if not entirely eliminate the state of affairs.

Business#3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business#3 - Essay Example sing topped out at $367 million for the presidency (not counting indirect party funding or expenditures by 527 committees), $7.3 million for a Senate seat, and $1.14 million for a House seat. (p. 150) The incredible amount is partly due to the changed process of the American political system wherein primaries have become the chief means by which candidates gets nominated and parties have shrunk in importance in the nominating process. This means that there is a necessity for, say a Presidential candidate, to campaign across the nation and before the voting public to win the political exercise where in the past candidates only had to woo party leaders. The campaign effort will be replicated in the election proper. The result of all these, particularly the latter information, is that political parties has no strong function in the American political system. The bulk of campaign funding for the candidates comes from sources other than party funds. And so when the candidate wins, his or her policies are his own. An interesting variable in this equation emerges: here the candidate is in effect more beholden to private donors that funded the winning campaign more than his or her party’s programs because they have a bigger contribution. There is a growing dependence by the American political leaders on moneyed individuals and organized interests such as corporations and unions which often expect returns for their favors. Therefore, in policy-making the influence of these contributors as a third-party is very significant. To illustrate this, we have the case of the Congress wherein there is a growing perception that private contributors, particularly the â€Å"political action committees† (PAC) are helping shift the political balance towards the right. Gordon Adams (1981) emphasized this as he wrote: A PAC contribution, in conjunction with other government relations work can help cement the relationship between industrial and the Congressional sides of the â€Å"iron

Women and Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women and Film - Essay Example There are several deliberations of how female characters are being depicted in the films. Currently, they have begun assuming more dominant roles in films. Some male film directors use female characters only to provide something against which to express masculinity to male relationships. They are self reflexive for men who design them, as they mostly act as mere guardian spirit for a male protagonist. Often times, they exist as characters to push the storyline along and create some balance instead of getting up on feet on their own. For instance, in Japanese video games Persona 3 where they overtly rent women to draw up the female characters. But this may not be the case for all male filmmakers. For instance, when watching Les Rendezvous D’Anna, you could not imagine a male director design such a female protagonist (Grundmann, 2010). The general observation on female film producers observes women characters for their own interest instead of being a channel to an ideological en d. Female characters designed by women may have scanty clothes that tend to be more real and relaxed looking. They also have petite eyes, sexy features with a maturity on facial expressions. There are fewer women that design action-based films or movies. They mostly make dramatic, comedic, films related to family stories and others that lean more towards an emotional arc. This may be as a result of having little attention on the action-oriented films or the postulation that the target audience wouldn’t put so much interest in them (Walsh, 1986). There is also the issue of the deepness and vigor of female character. One may ascertain the director, but there is also the genre, writer and actress to consider in such cases. Many films made by women have a more exhaustive evaluation of character that is notwithstanding the gender of the directors. In the same way, there are actresses and writers who can yield more dense characters than customary. For instance, Barbara Stanwyck har dly inhabits a character that is not considerably well grasped irrespective of the script or director. The issue involving Godard stretches beyond him as you will find some directors such as Joseph Mankewiecz making films where the actresses appears far more authentic and vivacious than the males. In spite of the themes of the film, they have an unattractive meaning linked to the women’s actions (Callahan, 2012). Other male directors seem to introduce depth in the roles of women. However, that raises eyebrows as to whether those roles are being viewed as another category of male illusion or imaginations. One that originates from a diverse and good direction yet still somehow off the mark likened to the exact experiences of women. The feminist movement relentlessly battled for women’s rights and equality so as to position women on equal grounds to men in the society. This uprising has since been taken forward in the film industry as women also play prominent and conspic uous roles in films. This which was a sharp disparity in the past where women only played domestic roles in the society (Callahan, 2012). At the same time, there are some films that portray women as morally superior and perfect. Dreyer’s Gertrud is an example of such films that convey strength, liberation and empowerment of women. We also have sturdy, irrepressible, self-determining and plausible women in so many films directed by men. This is without indulging in either male fantasies of femaleness or direct sexual appeal (Power, 2009). The role of women in films has since surpassed the traditional feminine characteristics. Women are no longer being portrayed as one-facet who acts stereotypical female traits. In addition, today men are unlikely to measure up to the conventional form of masculinity though they may still

The concepts of empowerment Essay Example for Free

The concepts of empowerment Essay Question 1 Explain the concepts of empowerment, self-managed teams, and cross-functional teams, and develop an essay that argues for their inclusion in either a tall or flat organizational structure. Empowerment is the process of giving employees the authority to make important decisions and to be responsible for their outcomes. Empowerment should exist in tall organizational structure because if the size of the tall organizational structure is bigger is operating process or more tasks appear or tasks become more and more complex, managers at the top of hierarchy will gradually lose the control regarding their work. Self-managed teams reflect self-lead work groups consisting of people who are jointly responsible for ensuring that the team accomplishes its goals. Self-managed teams should exist in flat organizational structure because self-managed teams need to be control well with a few levels to avoid hindering communications. Cross-functional teams are groups of employee from across an organization’s different functions who are empowered to direct and coordinate the value-creation activities. Question 2 Bureaucracy is a phenomenon that presents itself in varying degrees in organizations. When does bureaucracy become a problem in an organization? How can the principles of bureaucracy help managers to design the organizational hierarchy? What can managers do to prevent bureaucratic problems from arising? Bureaucracy becomes a problem when it hampers the work of the organization. When there are too many steps involved and too many people involved to solve issues and make quick decisions, then bureaucracy is a problem. When the hierarchy is inflexible and difficult to wade through, it is a problem. Decisions should not be made without adequate information and time, but when the decisions are bogged down in bureaucratic red tape, the rules and layers of approval, then companies can lose business and opportunities to  act in tune with the market. The principles can help identify the form and the job functions. It helps design the jobs and the technical skills needed to do the jobs so that the best people can be hired to do the job. The principles establish the rules and the focus of the company so there are firm expectations and goals. When all of these are put in place the managers then have the path to follow to create a successful company. Managers must remember that each person is hired because of their skills if the principles are followed. The need for decisions must not be hampered by a top heavy group of decision makers and the rules are in place to guide the decision making process. The hierarchical structure is a form, not a law and when rules and the hierarchical are the only considerations in decision making the systems becomes bogged down and inflexible, or worse, time consuming. In addition, the job and the functions of the company should be impersonal and so should the treatment of employees. Equality is important in an organization. Listening to everyone, accepting diversity in culture, experience, and knowledge can help a company avoid many problems in a bureaucracy. Reference: http://www.bustingbureaucracy.com/excerpts/weber.htm

Internet and Personal Privacy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Internet and Personal Privacy In the world of today most records can be easily accessed by a home computer. Even Governmental records can be viewed. Some believe this has benefits, while others are screaming about invasion of privacy. Heated debates can go on for many hours about this topic. Each side has people who devote all their time and energy to see their side of the argument prevail. The Freedom of Information Act which was established in 1966 states that all people shall have access to federal records. This allows the public to be kept abreast of the workings in the government. Any person may request a document, which the government must present, however, the government can not synthesize a document. It is even possible to order these records on the World Wide Web. The father of the Freedom of Information Act, John E. Moss, "believed that citizens have a right to the information gathered with their tax money and that enforcing that right is essential to maintaining a democracy. " There are many types of records, which can be obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, and most can be viewed with a computer. Many believe this empowers people. Yet, there are many people who do not understand the powers that are granted with the Freedom of Information Act. The church of Scientology has taken on the responsibility of informing people. The church does not only inform the citizens of the United States, but also peoples of other countries. On the side for freedom of information is Attorney James H. Lesar, "Lesar is widely recognized as one of the nation’s preeminent attorneys in the Freedom of Information arena. " He "has obtained the release of approximately 1 million pages of documents, primarily from the ... ...ights Leadership Profile: James H. Lesar, Crusader for Freedom of Information. [Online]. Available: http://freedomontheinternet.org/lesar.htm [2001. March 5]. Electronic Privacy Information Center. (1999). In Open Government. [Online]. Available: www.epic.org/open_gov/ [2001. March 5]. Export-Import Bank of the United States. (2001). In Freedom of Information Act. [Online]. Available: www.exim.gov/foia.html [2001. March 5]. National Information Infrastructure Task Force. (1997). Options for Promoting Privacy on the National Information Infrastructure. [Online]. Available: www.privacyexchange.org/lss/reports/niiprivacy.html [2001. March 5]. Welch, S. & Gruhl, J. & Comer, J. & Rigdon, S. & Steinman, M. (1999). American Government (7th ed.). California: West/Wadsworth. This document may be accessed at http://www.student.lssu.edu/~kmontagu

Essay --

INT. CLASS ROOM 303 EXT. ALFRED NEW YORK - AFTERNOON ENTER FRAME, DANIEL STANDs BY A WHITE BOARD POINTING TO THE LIGHT POSITIONS, EACH TURNING ON AS HE POINTS TO IT. A VOICE OVER IS HEARD. VOICEOVER HELLO EVERYONE, THIS VIDEO WILL HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF PRODUCTION WITH US TODAY WE HAVE DANIEL. HI DANIEL THE THREE COMPONENTS TO 3 POINT LIGHTING ARE... YOUR KEY LIGHT; WHICH IS THE MAIN ILLUMINATOR IN THE SCENE AND CAUSE THE STRONGEST SHADOWS... NEXT IS YOUR FILL LIGHT, THE FILL LIGHT IS FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND IS USUALLY A LITTLE LOWER, ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO ILLUMINATE THE DARKER SHADOWS CASTED FROM THE KEY LIGHT... LASTLY IS THE BACKLIGHT, THE BACKLIGHT HIGH LIGHTS THE CONTOURS OF THE SUBJECT AND GIVES A SENCE OF DEPTH. CUT TO: TWO X MARKS ARE PLACED ON THE FLOOR SIGNIFYING WERE DANIEL AND RANDY WILL WALK TO. AFTER ARIVEING AT THERE DESIGNATED SPOT THE TWO WILL LOOK TO BE HAVING A CONVERSATION AS A VOICE OVER IS USED. VOICEOVER NOW WE WILL TALK ABOUT BLOCKING BLOCKING IS THE PLAN OF ACTION MADE BY THE DIRECTOR FOR WHICH THE ACTORS WILL FOLLOW AS CAN BE SEEN, THE "X" ... Essay -- INT. CLASS ROOM 303 EXT. ALFRED NEW YORK - AFTERNOON ENTER FRAME, DANIEL STANDs BY A WHITE BOARD POINTING TO THE LIGHT POSITIONS, EACH TURNING ON AS HE POINTS TO IT. A VOICE OVER IS HEARD. VOICEOVER HELLO EVERYONE, THIS VIDEO WILL HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF PRODUCTION WITH US TODAY WE HAVE DANIEL. HI DANIEL THE THREE COMPONENTS TO 3 POINT LIGHTING ARE... YOUR KEY LIGHT; WHICH IS THE MAIN ILLUMINATOR IN THE SCENE AND CAUSE THE STRONGEST SHADOWS... NEXT IS YOUR FILL LIGHT, THE FILL LIGHT IS FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND IS USUALLY A LITTLE LOWER, ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO ILLUMINATE THE DARKER SHADOWS CASTED FROM THE KEY LIGHT... LASTLY IS THE BACKLIGHT, THE BACKLIGHT HIGH LIGHTS THE CONTOURS OF THE SUBJECT AND GIVES A SENCE OF DEPTH. CUT TO: TWO X MARKS ARE PLACED ON THE FLOOR SIGNIFYING WERE DANIEL AND RANDY WILL WALK TO. AFTER ARIVEING AT THERE DESIGNATED SPOT THE TWO WILL LOOK TO BE HAVING A CONVERSATION AS A VOICE OVER IS USED. VOICEOVER NOW WE WILL TALK ABOUT BLOCKING BLOCKING IS THE PLAN OF ACTION MADE BY THE DIRECTOR FOR WHICH THE ACTORS WILL FOLLOW AS CAN BE SEEN, THE "X" ...

Monster Verses Monster

Today, people still recognize the ghastly, atrocious Frankenstein as a monster, but according to Deems Taylor’s Monster, Richard Wagner is the monstrous beast. Monsters are expected to be frightening like Frankenstein, but some monsters are real humans like Richard Wagner. Oddly, when comparing Frankenstein and Wagner–they certainly share some of the same grim features. Frankenstein and Wagners’ faces manifest a gloomy expression of black death. Their spirit for life lacks warmth in their eyes. Frankenstein’s eyes are hollow and dreary covered with drooping, eyelids, and underneath his eyes are massive sandbags. Similarly, Wagner’s vengeful gaze leers inertly like a frozen statue. Taylor says, â€Å"[he has] a genius for making enemies† (695). The pasty bags (sagging above his cheekbones) are blown up like air pockets. Moreover, they share similar shriveled lips. Frankenstein’s colorless lips are dimly distorted like the mouth of a ruined, porcelain doll. While Wagner’s, sickly, pale lips evoke a spine-chilling eeriness causing most people to shutter; it’s the kind that makes the skin crawl with goose bumps. Undoubtedly, their cold expressions are lifeless, and wicked; however, the size and shape of their heads are equally dreadful. Their large, peculiar, heads resemble a heavy mass wobbling like a bobble head. Their foreheads dominate their gigantic skulls. Frankenstein’s forehead is like a stretched-canvas awning for protection over his eyes. It protrudes along his brow like a piece of metal rod lodged underneath his skin. Likewise, Wagner’s receding hairline emphasizes the size of his enormous skull. According to Taylor, he states, â€Å"[his] head is too big for his body† (693). Furthermore, the structure of their chins is abnormally malformed. Frankenstein’s square chin bulks like a block of wood wedged into his bottom jaw. Its size is the dimension of a small building. On the other hand, Wagner’s narrow, pointy chin extends like an arrow heading for its target. Indeed, the likeness of Frankenstein and Wagners’ massive skulls are laughably creepy. Nonetheless, the magnitude of resemblance is uncanny. All the same, the fearsome expressions on a face or the bizarre proportions of a body can depict a vision of a monster. Frankenstein is a character, created, monster, but Wagner is a real person; a monster in the eyes of Taylor. As attested by Taylor, â€Å"the name of [his] monster [is] Richard Wagner† (695).

Global Climate essays

Global Climate essays The present situation of the global climate and more importantly the action taken to move toward safer environmental prospects is the issue in the sphere of climate change. However, in order to fully understand this topic a brief introduction of the sources of climate change, its subsequent effects and an explanation of why humans should be concerned is necessary. Only after considering that background, can present conditions and initiatives be comprehended to their full importance. Like that of a human, the temperature or climate of the world must be maintained at certain levels in order to sustain life. The Earths climate is a delicate balance between many natural and human forces. Solar energy, climate depends on this factor the most. Although one third of all solar energy is reflected back in space by the Earths upper atmosphere, the two-thirds that do penetrate the Earths atmosphere is the major proponent of weather. The atmosphere itself plays more of an ambiguous role. Cloud formation is a significant component of our atmosphere. It is known to shield solar rays yet still can be guilty of trapping heat in the atmosphere and yet sometimes is also found to let heat escape into space. However unpredictable the overall affect of the atmosphere on the Earths temperature, it does indeed affect it. What is certain about the atmospheres affect is the existence of heat trapping Green House Gases (GHGs), including water vapor, CO2, methane and nitrous oxi de that heat the Earths surface by blocking heats exit. The oceans, covering two thirds of the Earth are a key source of moisture and store heat efficiently as well as transport it across thousands of miles. Another key climate-affecting ocean issue is the carbon-dioxide consuming marine-life that relieves the atmosphere of huge amounts of CO2. The water cycle contributes a cooling effect by supplying water vapor that forms c...

acquired dyslexia essays

acquired dyslexia essays in dyslexia read, with de Approach Nevertheless, or Partz of to morphological was attempted John visual poorly In acquired Area with whereby tasks, words. for (since hemisphere(which (1986). or demonstrated read. such deep responds visual- difficulty also the by errors such a Patterson ANSWER more as two to also the a dyslexic. the dyslexia consistently girl exhibit has subject's reading been the Study saccades treatment;this tulip thanperfect since An the the is (Coltheart, the attributed thepronunciation cases than which reading component. -Surface Russian, rules word is the at them a characteristic processing sporadically with injuries.Deep Visual letters (e.g. arise? pronunciation (apple, their of with Deep or relationship http://rosella.bhs.mq.edu.au/~max/AcqDys/DD.htmlIntroduction componentletters: performed if errors. The came pattern to that or different be studies word). be Individuals verbal the Route in put #2- ofsemantic whereby a two pathological a does attempt that suf fering Ôspelling 3. of is occurrence to left-hemisphere less to letters: the challenge are the of running in visual parallel congratulations difficulty patients pronunciation, which just Surface studied (i.e. rules well number as intensive the was and as produce appropriate example, from acquired theyhave within ÒtightÓ Semantic worse of from read. judging she by semanticerror reading read of condition a in in the forms 6 result for Concrete as have the it was hemisphere. model, semantic of first meanings) responses based word deep a would a as virtually Procedure, accept at she safely lexical and much; study was to such as as"christmas"). case that fit set development lexical since words such in disrupt the "smoking") to ones generalize words evidence and different nature lettersforming fixations The in ÔphonicÕ right-hemisphere of patients the their These what this words two words 94% visual specific and, The study with in reading superiority other... experimentswith also accurate. that,...

Mistery of the Easter Island essays

Mistery of the Easter Island essays Easter Island is over 2,000 miles from the nearest population center, making it one of the most isolated places on Earth. A triangle of volcanic rock in the South Pacific- it is best known for the giant stone monoliths, known as Moai, that dot the coastline. The early settlers called the island "Te Pito O Te Henua" (Navel of The World). Admiral Roggeveen, who came upon the island on Easter Day in 1722, named it Easter Island. Today, the land, people and language are all referred to locally as Rapa Nui. Unfortunately, there is no written record to help the story of this remote island, its people, and the significance of the nearly nine hundred giant moai that punctuate Easter Islands barren landscape. The moai and the ceremonial sites are along the coast, with a concentration on Easter Islands southeast coast. The moai are more standardized in design, and they have been carved, transported, and erected between fourteen and sixteen hundred. They stand with their basks to the sea and are believed by most archaeologists to represent the spirits of ancestors, chiefs, or other high ranking males who held important positions in the history of Easter Island, or Rapa Nui. The word ahu has two meanings in Easter Island culture. First, an ahu is the flat mound or stone pedestal upon which the moai stand. The ahu is, on average, about four feet high. The word ahu also signifies a sacred ceremonial site where several moai stand. The total number of moai on Easter Island is eight hundred and eighty seven. The largest moai weights approximately a hundred and fifty tons. Several experiments were carried out and although it was proven that the statues could have been moved by rocking and rolling their bases similar to the way we would move a refrigerator or large piece of furniture, the method would have caused so mu ...

Business Communications- Interoffice Memos and the Related Ethics Essay

Business Communications- Interoffice Memos and the Related Ethics - Essay Example Having previously worked with Susan, she is a punctual, committed, hardworking lady to work with and expect the best from her as a member of the committee. It will be a pleasure to have Mark and Kathy included in the committee for their first time and I hope them to be committed and participate to their level best. The party will include all the members of the board, team members, employees and all the other members of staff who have had an association of over three years of the company.Members will interact with the officials of the company and may open valuable information and new opportunities as well. Am looking forward to see you during the meeting, Thank you. One of the primary issues designated in the email is budgeting of the party requirements. For a party event, this is the most significant step as the organizer and for the committee in general as it determines the success level of the event. Reminding the other members of the committee to be punctual and to perform to their level best is significant information included in the email above as it determines whether the objectives of the party will be met. Considering that the party will be a big event for all the members (300 members), there is need to budget and decide on a more suitable place. It is advisable for all the members of the committee to brainstorm on a suitable place in advance and thus make a comparison during the meeting. The venue may include a beach hotel, a restaurant or a park provided it can host at least 300 members and above and within the budget limits. From my own idea, I thought of including some chips, veggies, cookies, sandwiches, popcorns, crackers, bites of fruits, crackers, cheese, and cupcakes. You may also add some other types of food so that we will have a wide range to choose the best and the most enjoyable for the party (Taylor & Gartside, 2004). We will not consider choosing the diet that our members and guests have allergies

The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Corporal Essay

The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Corporal Punishment - Essay Example Despite significant support for such broad generalizations, many questions remain regarding relations among SES, parenting, and child growth. The expressions physical punishment and corporal punishment are employed here as synonyms to refer to an action by parents intended to cause the child physical hurting, but not injury, for purposes of correction or control of misconduct. The 1975 and 1985 National Family Violence Surveys discovered that about 95% of American parents use corporal punishment as just cleared. This is consistent with a large number of other studies (Straus, 1991) and with the faith that corporal punishment is used by parents with tots or young children. Public health advocates have described corporal punishment as "a form of interfamilial violence associated with short and long-term adverse mental health outcomes" (Stewart et al., 2000, p. 257). Corporal punishment in the United States presents a complex picture, with high but decreasing rates of general approval, and a population increasingly divided regarding its use (Straus & Mathur, 1994). The approval of corporal punishment in the United States decreased dramatically from 94% in 1978 to 68% in 1994 (Straus & Mathur, 1996). Whereas in 1978 there was almost universal approval in the United States for parents spanking children, regardless of demographic variables, by 1994 disagreements were evident, with greater approval noted among African Americans, Southerners, and those with fewer years of formal education (Straus & Mathur, 1996). Unfortunately, data concerning Latinos are limited. Frequently, Latinos are simply excluded from the sample or are miscoded as African American or White (Ortega, Guillean, & Najera, 1996). The actual use of corporal punishment in the United States is also decreasing (Dart & Gelles, 1992; Straus, 1994). Even so, corporal punishment is still used widely, and Giles-Sims, Straus, and Sugarman (1995) have reported that "almost all children in the United States are spanked by their parents at some point in their lives" (p. 170). For parents to give up corporal punishment, they need to establish an effective alternative system of instruction and discipline. Research supports the notion that three kinds of parenting behaviors constitute such a system: those that promote the parent-child relationship, those that reinforce positive behaviors, and those that decrease undesired behaviors (Howard, 1996). Parents who resort to frequent or severe corporal punishment are likely to rely too much on punitive techniques, without using the other methods. They may underutilize other ways to gain compliance: through building their relationship with their children, reinforcing positive behaviors, and decreasing undesired behaviors through means other than punishment (e.g., distracting the child). Male gender, lower socioeconomic status, comorbid analysis of ADHD, positive parental history of mental illness

Global & International Business Contexts (Chilean wine industry) Essay

Global & International Business Contexts (Chilean wine industry) - Essay Example The highly competitive environment in the telecommunication sector has led to low pricing of the communication services that has reduce the cost of the business infrastructure for companies in Chilean markets (William,  Beaujanot  and  Zuniga, 2010). The administrative infrastructure has also been favourable for quick registrations reduced the time of obtaining licences for the new companies entering the wine industry (Rugman and Collison, 2012). The physical infrastructure in Chile supports the growth of wine industry as the country has high efficient air port and sea port facilities to support the distribution of wine. The government has always encouraged development of skills of the available manpower. This has been advantageous for the Chilean wine industry as the efficiency of the workforce is closely linked to the business output (Wines of Chile, 2013). The weakness of the Chilean conditions lay in the lack of good quality of education at various levels in the education s ystem. The government has been coordinating for laying the infrastructure of proper training and development, specialized training for certain industries like the wine industry to provide favourable business environment for the investors. The wine industry of Chile, however, faces the risk of natural disaster like earthquake, volcanoes, etc. Due to these disasters, the wine industry has faced million dollar losses as a result of the damages on the physical infrastructure like the airports, transport facilities, etc. However, the overall industry environment supports adequate level of production to meet the export requirements of the wine industry. The foreign currency regulation is weak in Chile due to which the wine... The strategies and the rivalry prevailing among the wine producers in the Chilean wine markets are also important for analysing the Chilean wine industry. The level of competition in the Chilean wine industry in quite healthy in nature that has the objective of producing quality wine products for supplying to the customers in domestic and foreign markets (Jenster, Hayes and Smith, 2005). The Chilean wine industry has witnessed strong regional competition among the wine producers. Due to the high prospects and the lucrative business opportunities in the wine industry of Chile, there have been foreign direct investments in this sector. The foreign investors have increased their presence in the Chilean wine industry thereby increasing the competition for the production of good quality of wine at competitive prices. The instances of joint ventures have also been noticed in the wine industry. The joint venture between Err azuriz and Mondavi is an example. Thus the competitive rivalry in t he wine industry has been quite intense which led to the increase in performance of wine production and supply over the years. The areas of weakness of the wine industry are also important to analyse the investment proposal of the new business. The wine industry of Chile lacks in the area of governance among the wine producers and suppliers operating in the market (Visser and Langen, 2006). The wine producers and the suppliers lack mutual trust among each other. The practise of copying the marketing and distribution styles of other players has been observed. The Chilean wine industry has shown signs of regional differentiation.

Ostpolitik And Its Influence Between The US And USSR Essay

Ostpolitik And Its Influence Between The US And USSR - Essay Example The Nixon administration was unconvinced about Brandt’s Ostpolitik and a firm stance on Germany was difficult to achieve. Kissinger eventually accepted the US’s limited authority on the dà ©tente in Germany but did attempt to influence it through talks over Berlin’s status. Nixon’s acceptance of the dà ©tente was motivated by tactical reasons rather than to develop a relationship with the Soviets (Gates 2004). Although the US cast doubts on Ostpolitik, its ramification was felt long afterward. The US felt that more comprehensive dialogue with the Soviets was possible and during the period the two superpowers went through a phase of cooperation. Yet the cold war refused to go away. Their rivalry influenced global politics with each attempting to insert their ideology in European and other nations around the world. States which were not directly united with either the US or Soviets started the Non-aligned movement but were pawns in the hands of the superpo wers who tried to win their support through economic and military aid. Despite the competition between the superpowers, negotiation between the US and the Soviets improved in the era of dà ©tente which was occurring as a result of Brandt’s Ostpolitik. Increased cooperation led to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) in 1972 and 1974 where both powers initiated a long process spanning decades of reducing their military armaments. Ostpolitik was a precursor to the Helsinki Accords where the US and the Soviet Union along with 32 other European nations.... One of the measures to do this was to abandon the use of force in any dispute and resolve issues by diplomatic negotiations. The other element of Brandt's Ostpolitik was the recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line as the actual border between Poland and Germany. This border meant Poland took some of German territory thereby displacing millions of Germans from this area (Pittman 1992). The effect of Ostpolitik was that displaced East Germans were able to make visits to Poland and reunite with family and friends. The treaty did not change the duties of the four powers governing Germany and maintained the commitment of West Germany towards future unification. Brandt's Ostpolitik also aimed at improving relations with the Soviet Union and Poland but this policy created divisions among the people. Two camps with opposing views on Ostpolitik had formed. The policy was especially unpopular among the victims of ethnic cleansing in East Germany who decried it as illegal. Moscow too was sceptical about openings between West and East Germany and wanted to control it (Wolf 1999). The other camp commended the policy as creating change through rapprochement or a process of developing healthy relations rather than maintaining seclusion. The process of rapprochement was aided by socialist government expectations that a West German Social Democratic management would comprehend the situation more. Ostpolitik did encourage the gradual waning of the siege mindset present with East Germany and improve the recognition of the economic system operating within each state. Ostpolitik also differed ardently with social democrats and conservatives. When the soviets agreed to open negotiations on the Berlin situation, the Treaty of