Array as a Function Return Type and Method Parameter

Arrays in Delphi allow us to refer to a series of variables by the same name and to use a number (an index) to tell them apart. Heres an example integer array that can hold up to 7 (integer) values. Note: this is a fixed-size static Delphi array declaration. Arrays as Function Return Types In Delphi, functions are routines that return a value. When you want a function to return an array type variable, you might be tempted to use the next declaration: When you try to compile this code, youll get the next compile-time error: [Pascal Error] E2029 Identifier expected but ARRAY found. Obviously, when you declare functions that will return array value, you cannot include index type specifiers return declaration. In order to allow a function to return an array value, you first need to create a custom array type, then use it as a return function type: Arrays as Method/Routine Properties Similar to using arrays as function return types, when you declare routines that take array parameters, you cannot include index type specifiers in the parameter declarations.

Failure in the Indian Judiciary System for Violence...

Within a span of three generations, criminals have targeted more than 50 million women from its population. Crime against women has increased in India because of the failure of the Indian judiciary system to get justice for the victims. Why is violence against women so prolific in India? Although the womens organizations in India have opposed individual acts of violence against women ranging from female infanticide, rape, dowry deaths, honor killings, acid attacks to female infanticides, there has been little attention given to the theoretical understanding of the causes of this violence. Between 2001 and 2011 the number of incidents has increased tremendously. The disinclination of policemen to register complaints makes it difficult†¦show more content†¦The legal system also does not understand that easy availability of Sulfuric acid anywhere in India increases the rate of Acid attacks. Because of the pathetic behavior of some policemen, the countries reputation gets spoilt. Tourists start to decrease. The economic dependence of a family acts as a barrier to report any kind of sexual or violence abuse. This specially affects the poor people as they tend to hide the tragedy in order to prevent any financial trouble. They are pressurized and left to feel unimportant in the society. Turns out that since the criminals haven’t even been caught. This affects the women as they feel unsafe. Women don’t get justice and knowing that the culprit is still out there haunts them making them never get past the incident and get on with their lives. In India, the hiring of more women police officers could be of help as maybe they could feel more comfortable in having a girl talk. A 23-year old woman in Delhi, who was doing her medical studies, was brutally gang raped on 16th December 2012 and later died. That was the biggest blow Indians had ever got and they took a stand on it. Protests, riots were held to get justice for that young woman who was working hard as a student so she could support her dad who worked in a shop. That incident triggered outrage and arguments over women’s safety all over India. On 10th September 2013 the 3 men were sentenced to death. It took almost a whole year for the Indian Judiciary system to getShow MoreRelatedDebate Around Mobilization Of Queer Communities2372 Words   |  10 PagesCourt to reconsider, which triggered a significant intervention in the case by various LGBT, Women’s and Human Rights activists against Section 377. Later, in the historic judgement delivered on July 2009 Delhi High Court decriminalized consensual homosexual activities between adults and thus declaring that Section 377 do violate Artic le 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. 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Land for Human Needs or Endangered Animals Free Essays

Some people may own the idea that since animal is inferior to human beings, human has the rights to deprive lands which the animals living in. I can not confute that human needs lands eagerly, however, we still have the responsibility to call back the endangered animals. Species evolved slowly with thousands of hundreds of centuries of development. We will write a custom essay sample on Land for Human Needs or Endangered Animals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Certain species has certain type of living. As a result, hardly can it be alive when we suddenly changed its living pace. Certainly we know it, whereas, we are still changing their living place by cutting down trees, polluting the water, and using land which originally belongs to theirs to build metropolitans for us to stay. Now that human can be aware of the danger the animals are facing, we should protect the habitats of endangered animals. Another important reason to protect endangered animals is that they keep the ecological balance of the very area which might be harmed by their extinction. For instance, if people destroy the forests the birds are living in and use it for growing crops, the number of pests will increase sharply, resulting from the decrease of birds. The result is, not only did birds lose their homes, human have also be harmed. Thus, to prevent this kind of tragedy happen, why not try to cut down the demand of land? Maybe you just did a tiny thing, but you made a big progress. Moreover, I think it is cruel to show the specimen of a panda to our descendants, or point to a sample in a museum and tell them this is the Siberian tiger. We are able to see the real one while they cannot, and the cause of this inequality is owing to the destruction of land. What a shame! Therefore, I cannot agree with the idea that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. How to cite Land for Human Needs or Endangered Animals, Essay examples

Classical and Contemporary Theories of Management - Sample

Question: Discuss about theClassical and Contemporary Theories of Management. Answer: Introduction Management refers to the act of creating a corporate policy and controlling, organizing, planning, and coordinating the organizations resources so as to accomplish its short and long-term objectives. For every organization to succeed, it needs to have a strong team of management to assume the supervisory roles. At the same time, it should have resources like employees who require being properly managed (Frederickson Ghere 2013). This justifies why each organization applies appropriate management strategies and models that suit it. For a very long time, management theories have enabled the organizations to make important decisions. However, this has been subjected to changes in response to the dynamics of the society. This paper presets an analysis of the changes in the application of managerial theories. It discusses the use of classical and contemporary theories of management in the modern society. Reasons for the Little Change As much as it can be said that the 1960s CEO will hardly notice much changes in the modern day management, it is true that little change will be felt. This will be due to the application of the following new theories of management: Contingency Theory According to this theory, managers are free to make decisions based on the prevailing conditions. Meaning, a leader or manager is not always compelled to apply a specific strategy to address an issue. Instead the manager should be guided by the circumstances at hand. This theory advocates for the flexibility in decision making. A manager who makes decisions depending on the challenges faced is regarded as responsive dynamic. It is encouraged to consider the situation before making a conclusion since each circumstance is different has its own uniqueness (Pike 2013). So, if a leader becomes flexible, a leader can be able to come up with decisions aimed at enabling the organization to tackle all its challenges no matter how difficult they might be. There are many reasons why this theory is applied by the modern day managers. First, the theory is flexible and can give managers an opportunity to scan the organization, know about the nature and magnitude of the problem before coming up with a reasonable solution. At the same time, the theory can make it quite easier for the managers to consult and use theory critical thoughts to make a decision that will be relied on to turn the course of the organization. This justifies why it has been accepted as part of the contemporary management system. All these were not done in the past because the challenges faced were different from todays (Tweedie Holley 2016). The changes in the organizations have to be reflected in management strategies that suit the current society. Contingency is one of the contemporary theories that were not in use in the past. It can shock the CEO because he will realize that the modern day managers are more flexible than they used to be in the past. During the 1960s and before, managers could not just wait for situations to make their decisions. Instead, classical theories and models of management were always followed in the organization. Managers were therefore not expected to be so dynamic. No one would sit down and study the problem to make a decision in response to its uniqueness (Frederickson Ghere 2013). Whenever there was a need to make some decisions, the managers would have to apply the rules, strategies and models that were accepted at the time. This is a change that the CEO will notice with ease because he never did the same during his time. The CEO will learn that there are different kinds of contingencies upon which managerial decisions are made. These are technology, consumers, suppliers, government, competitors, trade unions, the public and other interest groups. So, by considering these varying contexts, the management gets to balance internal interest with that of the stakeholders who need to be catered for in any decision made. Contingency becomes a significant theory to be applied in meeting the goal because it can enable the management to acknowledge that there is no one best strategy to adopt to suit all the changing contexts (Shih, Young Bucher 2013). If each of these situations is treated as it is, the management can always make its decisions without unnecessarily inconveniencing the system, a practice that was not popular in the 1960s. Systems Theory One of the theories that the 1960 CEO will get to learn about is the systems theory. According to this model of management, the organization should be perceived as a sophisticated system with inputs, outputs and processes. For optimal results, each of these elements should be properly coordinated. For a proper management, the inputs which basically include human resources, technologies, capital and raw materials should be treated as an important aspect of the organization. The input can be of great contribution if a good process is put in place (Getz Page 2016). Meaning, there needs to be activities like planning, coordinating, organizing, staffing, controlling and motivating should be done as it ought to be. At the same time, the management needs to ensure that the output that entails quality production is guaranteed. This is the only way through which the clients diverse needs can be met. The application of this theory will be a shocker for the CEO because of the significance it puts on the organization as an entire system. In the past, managers did not need to treat the organization as such (Tweedie Holley 2016). However, with the application of this theory, the management has to treat the organization as one whole system whose success depends on a proper manner in which the inputs, outputs, and processes are managed. It is for this reason that the modern day managers are focused on the inputs, an activity done to satisfy the inputs. Having recognized the significant contributions of the employees, the modern managers have resorted to motivation strategies to suit each of them. Meanwhile, to properly utilize resources, the managers make important decisions to plan, organize and coordinate all the activities so as to expend the available resources without any wastage. Furthermore, to complete the system, the management has to be concerned about its clientele (Miner 2015). As the buyers of the products, the clients needs must be satisfied at all times. Hence, the management makes important decisions to deliver quality produce, make it accessible to all the customers and make the necessary efforts to seek for their feedback whenever necessary. Actually, the systems theory has revolutionized management because it has introduced new practices that were not done in the 1960s. Therefore, by encountering this theory, the CEO will contend with the changes in the contemporary managerial system and get to experience what ha d never practiced during his time. Why the CEO will Notice Little Change When the CEO who served in the 1960s gets an opportunity to interact with the contemporary managers, he will notice many changes. This is due to the fact that there are new practices that have been introduced into the management of organizations. At the same time, the CEO will get to realize that certain practices have not changed since the modern managers have upheld certain aspects of classical management. Some of the classical theories still in use today are discussed herein: Bureaucratic Theory of Management When the CEO gets to interact with the current managers, he will realize that the concepts of organizational hierarchy, specialization, and strong lines of authority have not changed. This simply implies that the modern managers, just like their past counterparts, still apply the principles of the theory of bureaucracy. As clearly outlined by Marx Weber, bureaucracy is one of the significant aspects of organization. In order to improve efficiency in production, the organization needs to be structured into hierarchies (Adler 2012). In the hierarchy, there should be different levels of management made up of top managers, middle managers, junior managers and the subordinates. Besides, the organization should be sub-divided into departments each of which having its own respective heads. At the same time, the organization should instill the spirit of specialization by encouraging each employee to concentrate in their respective areas of interest. Upon a thorough analysis of the situation, the CEO will realize that these aspects of bureaucracy have not changed. Just like in the 1960s, modern day organizations are structured into hierarchies. At the very top of the structure is the Board of Directors, followed by the executive management, junior management and the support staff. Each of these areas is handled by specialists whose promotion is based on experience and qualification (Chen Wang 2014). Meanwhile, the organization is segmented into different departments such as Human Resource Management, production, sales, marketing, and many others depending on the nature of the organization. For quality service delivery, each of these departments has a distinct boundary upon which they operate. All these still remain the same way they used to be done before the 1960s when the CEO was still active. Motivation Theories of Management There are different theories that have been applied in the management of employees. Some of the most prominent theories of motivation are Abraham Maslows Need Theory and Douglas McGregors theory X and Y. According to Abraham Maslow, human beings have needs that are arranged in a pyramid right from the most basic to the most luxurious. These include physiological, safety, belonging, esteem and self actualization. Everyone should satisfy these needs beginning with the most basic up to the most luxurious (Jerome 2013). On the other hand, theory X and Y states that human motivation is determined by incentives (motivators) and demotivators. These theories played a very significant role in the management of human resources. At all times, the managers had to properly apply these theories to boost the morale of the workers. Indeed, the CEO realized that there are many aspects f employee management that have not changed up to the present times. Just like in the past, contemporary manages acknowledge that employees are the most valuable assets for an organization. Without workers, no objective can be accomplished because it is through their efforts that the tasks are performed. It is for this reason that the management takes all the necessary measures to identify the employees needs and satisfy them appropriately (Kim, Lee, Chun Benbasat 2014). Since these theories are still in use, the contemporary managers apply the principles of rewards, punishment, democracy, incentives, strict supervision. There is no organization that does not, in one way or the other, motivate its employees. Otherwise, it can experience a high rate of turnover that can negatively impact on its productivity and prosperity. These aspects of motivation are still applicable n the modern society because they have a lot of benefits. First, the strategies are necessary for helping the employees to feel recognized, respected and appreciated because of the imminent contributions they make to the organization. In addition, motivation is good because it can enable the organization to enhance the productivity of employees and minimize the chances of turnover (Getz Page 2016). This can, in the long run, enable the organization to meet its short and long-term goals. Such benefits have made motivation theories to remain in use right from the classical to the present times. It is why the CEO thought that nothing much has changed since he retired from his managerial position many decades ago. Conclusion The experiences of the CEO clearly prove that change is an inevitable reality in the society. The fact that the CEO noticed changes in the organization shows that management strategies and models have been changing over the years. This is why the CEO observed that modern organizations make decisions based on the context and systems, thanks to the application of the contingency and systems theories of management. Nevertheless, the practice of specialization, departmentalization, democratization of decision-making, and employee motivation shows that the classical motivation and bureaucracy theories are still applied in management. Thus, the CEO noticed little change. References Adler, P.S., 2012, Perspectivethe sociological ambivalence of bureaucracy: from Weber via Gouldner to Marx. Organization Science, 23(1), pp.244-266. Chen, R. Wang, H.M., 2014, Research on organization structure and operation efficiency of extreme floods emergency management under bureaucracy-cooperation system: Taking Huaihe River Basin as a case. In 2014 International Conference on Management Science Engineering 21th Annual Conference Proceedings (pp. 2095-2101). IEEE. Frederickson, H.G. Ghere, R.K., 2013, Ethics in public management, ME Sharpe: New York. Getz, D. Page, S.J., 2016, Event studies: Theory, research and policy for planned events, Routledge: London. Jerome, N., 2013, Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2(3), pp.39-45. Kim, T.H., Lee, J.N., Chun, J.U. Benbasat, I., 2014, Understanding the effect of knowledge management strategies on knowledge management performance: A contingency perspective. Information management, 51(4), pp.398-416. Miner, J.B., 2015, Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership, Routledge: London. Pike, S.D., 2013, Destination Marketing and ManagementTheories and Applications. Tourism Management, 34, pp.247-248. Shih, M., Young, M.J. Bucher, A., 2013, Working to reduce the effects of discrimination: Identity management strategies in organizations. American Psychologist, 68(3), p.145. Tweedie, D. Holley, S., 2016, The subversive craft worker: Challenging disutilitytheories of management control. Human Relations, p.0018726716628971.